About Des Moines University. Founded in 1898, Des Moines University is the only private medical school in Iowa. The institution offers superior academics in a. Our Chess Glossary - an A-Z of terms, references and bunk about Chess, where idleness is a badge of honor for the work-shy Chess Glossary Team. This tables of contents is a navigational tool, processed from the headings within the legal text of Federal Register documents. This repetition. Federal Register. Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Start Preamble. Start Printed Page 1. Divide the data: 7 When presenting large amounts of information, divide the data into clear and appropriate categories and present them in columns titled. Antioxidant status, diet, nutrition and health - Andreas M Pappas, 1996. Published by CRC Press. Washington, DC. Data warehousing, data capture. AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, the Agency, or we) is proposing to amend its labeling regulations for conventional foods and dietary supplements to provide updated nutrition information on the label to assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. The updated information is consistent with current data on the associations between nutrients and chronic diseases or health- related conditions, reflects current public health conditions in the United States, and corresponds to new information on consumer behavior and consumption patterns. We are proposing to update the list of nutrients that are required or permitted to be declared; provide updated Daily Reference Values and Reference Daily Intake values that are based on current dietary recommendations from consensus reports; amend requirements for foods represented or purported to be specifically for children under the age of 4 years and pregnant and lactating women and establish nutrient reference values specifically for these population subgroups; and revise the format and appearance of the Nutrition Facts label. DATES: Submit either electronic or written comments on the proposed rule by June 2, 2. Submit comments on information collection issues under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1. April 2, 2. 01. 4 (see the “Paperwork Reduction Act of 1. See section III of this document for the proposed effective date of a final rule based on this proposed rule. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by Docket No. FDA- 2. 01. 2- N- 1. Regulatory Information Number (RIN) 0. AF2. 2, by any of the following methods, except that comments on information collection issues under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (see the “Paperwork Reduction Act of 1. Electronic Submissions. Submit electronic comments in the following way: Written Submissions. Submit written submissions in the following ways: Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for paper submissions): Division of Dockets Management (HFA- 3. Food and Drug Administration, 5. Fishers Lane, Rm. Rockville, MD 2. 08. Instructions: All submissions received must include the Agency name and Docket No. FDA- 2. 01. 2- N- 1. RIN 0. 91. 0- AF2. All comments received may be posted without change to http: //www. For additional information on submitting comments, see the “Comments” heading of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this document. Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or comments received, go to http: //www. Search” box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Division of Dockets Management, 5. Fishers Lane, rm. Rockville, MD 2. 08. Start Further Info. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Blakeley Fitzpatrick, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS- 8. Food and Drug Administration, 5. Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 2. Nutrition. Program. Staff@fda. hhs. gov. With regard to the information collection: Domini Bean, Office of Information Management, Food and Drug Administration, 1. Piccard Dr., PI5. T, Rockville, MD 2. Domini. bean@fda. End Further Info. End Preamble. Start Supplemental Information. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents. Executive Summary. I. Background. A. Legal Authority. B. Need To Update the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts Labels. Rates of Chronic Disease. Dietary Recommendations, Consensus Reports, and National Survey Data. Consumer Use and Understanding of the Nutrition Facts Label. Other Relevant Considerations. Citizen Petitions. Advance Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRMs)7. Impact on Other Regulations. C. Factors for Mandatory or Voluntary Declaration of Non- Statutory Nutrients. Factors Considered. Approach for Mandatory Declaration. Approach for Voluntary Declaration. II. The Proposed Rule. A. Calories From Fat. Calories From Saturated Fat. Two Thousand Calories as the Reference Caloric Intake Level. Percent DV Declaration for Calories. B. Saturated Fat. Polyunsaturated Fat. Monounsaturated Fat. C. Cholesterol. 1. Mandatory Declaration. Carbohydrate. 1. Total Carbohydrate. Added Sugars. 4. Sugar Alcohols. Dietary Fiber. 6. Other Carbohydrate. E. Mandatory and Voluntary Declaration. Analytical Methods. Mandatory Declaration. Voluntary Declaration. Essential Vitamins and Minerals of Public Health Significance. Essential Vitamins and Minerals That Are Mandatory. Essential Vitamins and Minerals That Are Voluntary. Other Essential Vitamins and Minerals. Reference Daily Intakes for Vitamins and Minerals. Need To Update RDIs. Approach To Setting RDIs: EAR Versus RDA3. Approach To Setting RDIs: Adequate Intake. Approach To Setting RDIs: Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Approach To Setting RDIs: Population- Weighted Versus Population- Coverage. Declaration of the Absolute Amounts of Vitamins and Minerals. Issues Concerning Specific Vitamins and Minerals. J. Units of Measure, Analytical Methods, and Terms for Vitamins and Minerals. Sodium, Potassium, Copper, and Chloride. Folate and Folic Acid. Vitamins A, D, and EK. Labeling of Foods for Infants, Young Children, and Pregnant or Lactating Women. Age Range for Infants and Young Children. Mandatory Declaration of Calories and Statutorily Required Nutrients. Start Printed Page 1. Declaration of Non- Statutory Nutrients Other Than Essential Vitamins and Minerals. Declaration of Essential Vitamins and Minerals. DRVs and RDIs for Infants 7 Through 1. Months of Age. 6. DRVs and RDIs for Children 1 Through 3 Years of Age. DRVs and RDIs for Pregnant and Lactating Women. L. Dietary Supplements. Mandatory Dietary Ingredients. Folate and Folic Acid. Units of Measure. Order of Nutrients Declared on the Label. Subpopulations. 6. Increasing the Prominence of Calories and Serving Size. Changing the Order of the “Serving Size” and “Servings Per Container” Declarations and Increasing the Prominence of “Servings Per Container”3. Right- Justifying the Quantitative Amounts Declared in the “Serving Size”Statement. Changing the “Amount Per Serving” Statement. Declaration of “Calories From Fat”6. Presentation of Percent DVs. Placement of “Added Sugars”8. Declaration of Absolute Amounts of Vitamins and Minerals. Single and Dual Column Labeling. The Footnote. 11. Use of Highlighting With a Type Intermediate Between Bold or Extra Bold and Regular Type. Addition of Horizontal Line Beneath the Nutrition Facts Heading. Replacing “Total Carbohydrate” With “Total Carbs”1. Alternative Visual Formats/Fonts. N. Compliance. 1. Level of Variance Allowed for the Label Declaration of Specific Nutrients. Methods Used To Determine Compliance. Records Requirements. Inclusion of Potassium as a Mineral. Requirements for Other Carbohydrate, Soluble and Insoluble Fiber, Added Sugars, and Sugar Alcohols. O. Technical Amendments. Changing the Name of the Program Office. Changing the Publication Date of Report Incorporated by Reference. Plain Language Edits. III. Proposed Effective and Compliance Dates. IV. Analysis of Impacts. V. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1. VI. Analysis of Environmental Impact. VII. Federalism. VIII. References. Executive Summary. Purpose of the Regulatory Action. FDA is proposing to amend the regulations for the nutrition labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements to assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. Following the passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1. Pub. 1. 01- 5. 35), which added section 4. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD& C Act) (2. U. S. C. 3. 43(q)), we issued various regulations related to nutrition information on food labels, including the declaration of nutrients, the format for nutrition labeling, reference values for use in declaring the nutrient content, and allowances for certain specified products to be exempt from nutrition labeling (. In addition, following the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1. Pub. 1. 03- 4. 17 and 2. U. S. C. 3. 21(ff)), we amended our food labeling regulations to establish requirements for nutrition labeling of dietary supplements (. Section 4. 03(q) of the FD& C Act specifies certain nutrients to be declared in nutrition labeling, and authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services to require other nutrients to be declared if the Secretary determines that a nutrient will provide information regarding the nutritional value of such food that will assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. The Secretary also has discretion under section 4. FD& C Act to remove, by regulation and under certain circumstances, nutrient information that is otherwise explicitly required in food labeling under this section. We are proposing to revise our regulations to provide updated nutrition information on the label and improve how the nutrition information is presented to consumers, in light of current scientific evidence, dietary recommendations of most recent consensus reports, and public comments received in response to advance notices of proposed rulemaking. FDA invites comment on its use of the most recent consensus reports and whether the information and data on which FDA relies from such reports for proposed changes is consistent with current scientific information. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Regulatory Action in Question. We discuss the need to update the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels in section I. B., and our scientific considerations for mandatory and voluntary declaration of nutrients are presented in section I. C. In sections II. A. We present our considerations related to the format of the Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels in section II. M., and discuss issues related to compliance with the proposed requirements in section II. N. Some of the key proposed actions and considerations of the proposed rule are highlighted in this document.
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The Essential 6 Month Calisthenics Workout Plan. Let’s get real here. You are someone who acts, not someone who talks. You want to work your ass off. Day in, day out? This question has been asked over 1. The bad news? There isn’t a one- size- fits- all for everyone. While it differs per individual, I believe that with this 6 month calisthenics workout plan you’ll be pretty much covered as a beginner.
Calisthenics, Sandbags, Kettlebells, Intermittent Fasting and Stuff. Have you noticed the domination of scientific research in modern strength training? She is also a writer specializing in healthy living, fitness and nutrition topics. Are you confused about how to create a home sensory diet for your child who has a sensory processing disorder? Then check this article out for explanations and.Keep what is useful, discard what is not and add what works best for you. Ready to go from a beginner to a BEAST? If you are reading this, it’s because you - just like many other people- have asked yourself 1 simple question: How should I begin Bar Brother Training? I have decided to set up a simple 6 month plan for calisthenics workouts which an absolute beginner can use to start training. And to take the first step towards passing the official Bar Brother exam. Every month has its own challenge and things aren’t going to become easier. But you are going to get stronger? Need to start from scratch? Don’t worry about it. If you don’t have the basics down yet, you might need to work on those skills first. There is nothing wrong with starting at 0. You can find a complete starter guide with a 1. Including a description on how to do them correctly. Click here to download the guide. You can also find some posts addressing the different progressions: If you meet these requirements, prepare for six months of body weight training. Once again, I emphasise that this plan should be considered a blueprint to a new body and is not a be- all end- all thing. Whatever you put into your . Slow and steady beats fast and impatient. Wanting to be too cool and skipping the basics will lead to injuries. It’s better to underestimate than to overestimate your level of strength. It will pay off in the long run. You will have periods on this plan where if feels like you are making gains every single day and then you will have periods where it feels like nothing is happening. That’s because in reality progress has a very different path than you probably think it does. Knowing this as a beginner, will allow you to deal with periods of little improvement. And it will keep you motivated, because you know that when you hit a plateau you are heading for a leap. As you move forward on this plan this will be a very familiar pattern. Keep it in mind. I don’t want to sound like the guy who keeps you on a leash. But I’d like to take my responsibility and make sure that you get most out of this plan. By managing your expectations and by making you aware of possible pitfalls. Let’s go! Month 1: The Full Body Workout Plan. Your Workout Schedule. In a weekly plan, your workouts would look like the following diagram. Assuming that you start on Monday. With in between each day of exercise a rest day for you to recover. Keep in mind that this is the bare minimum amount of training you will need to get consistent results. Optionally you can add more days for leg routines, but training at least 3 days is a minimum. In the first month the focus is on getting your body used to calisthenics training. By doing a full body routine you hit all the muscles. This means the 5 big muscle groups: If you don’t have a pull up bar, use the no equipment routine instead of the full body routine. If you have serious muscle soreness find out which 5 things you can do to keep training. This is your first month of training so don’t expect any major results, remember how many years it took your body to become the way it is right now? You can’t expect that to change in 1 month can you? Just keep in mind that the first month is about adaptation of the entire body. Make sure you do a proper warming up before every routine to prevent and prepare yourself for injuries. Minimize your time between exercises as much as possible, take your rest between your cycles (1- 3 minutes). This month you lay your foundation for the other 5 months. Keep in mind that training yourself into an imbalance here will lead to issues later. While you might not notice it and feel like you are doing the same thing over and over, things will be changing in the first month. Replace clapping pull ups with normal pull ups until you’ve developed enough strength for the explosive force. It will be a bit of trial- and- error. You’ll discover where you need to take it down a notch and where you can add a more. Doing these exercises with high quality standards will make transitioning to more advanced moves much easier. If you have difficulties doing these, chances are that you have been doing some of the previous months with less quality that you should have. If you can do all of the above muscle up hunt moves for at least 5 reps of 3 cycles, you will have enough strength for the next month. This is definitely a month which can take you longer to complete depending on your development and baseline strength. Patience is key. Month 5: Muscle Up Progression Up To Get Your First Clean Muscle Up. Your Workout Schedule. This month the training is going to change a little, because right now you should have the fundamental strength to do all the basic full body exercises. In addition to that, you have developed upper body strength to progress into a muscle up by doing the muscle up routine. So what you can do now is focus on the muscle up technique and strength by doing: The pulling: Explosive pull ups 5 reps. The transition: Explosive pull ups with hand rotation 5 reps. The strength: Jumping into the muscle up and go back into a negative pull up 5 reps. Do this 3- 4 sets and then progress into the muscle up routine (At least 5 reps for 3 cycles). If you don’t have the strength to do an additional upper body routine, progress into the full body routine or add a leg routine. You can add some variety here, just make sure you spend plenty of time on the ? Repetitions. Repetitions. Repetitions. Those repetitions will accumulate over time and before you know it, you don’t even need to think about it any more. It just happens. Once that’s the case, you are ready to face the Bar Brother requirements for beginners. Month 6: The Bar Brother Beginner Challenge To Set The Base For The Official Challenge. This is the Bar Brother Beginner Challenge, consisting of: 4 muscle ups. Now it’s time for you to do the calisthenic beginner challenge. Make sure you do a good warming up and go for it, six months of hard work will surely allow you to pass this. There is no doubt in my mind. My suggestion is that you stick to the workout plan in month 5 during this month, while trying to do the beginner challenge at least once a week as shown in the workout schedule. My piece of advice for passing the challenge? Get a group of friends who join you in your training and make it a goal to try the challenge at least once. Support each other. It builds a bond. A strong body and a strong character. Because in the end it’s not about what you can do, but about who you become because of it. Training Tip: Rest Better To Work Harder. On this workout plan you might reach a point where you feel like resting is for weak people. Well, the proper amounts of rest are the only way you’ll get strong. You need to realise that the harder you work, the harder you need to rest. Muscle construction DOES NOT happen when you train, it happens when you rest. If you want to train 5- 6 days a week, you need to focusing on ? Sleep is the most potent anabolic activity known to man. Yes, you build more muscle while sleeping than with anything else. But only if you force the muscle to adapt while you are awake. What do you need to do to optimise this? It’s simple, but not easy. Sleep at least 8 hours a night. Make sure your nutrition is in check and focus on specific exercises and nutrients that promote recovery. Especially when you start having sore elbows. Don’t make excuses when it comes to working out. And don’t make excuses when it comes to resting, but only after you’ve earned it. What Do You Need To Do After You Have Passed The Beginner Challenge? So you’ve decided to go all the way? Well. In reality that wasn’t a step. It was a leap of faith. You might still be a beginner, but not the beginner you were before you started. I’m sure you aren’t planning to stop anytime soon. So what’s next? Continue training for the official challenge, which you should be able to do in the following 6 months. Upgrade your training to the 1. Lazar and Dusan. And keep in mind that training is one part of becoming stronger and that the other part is a healthy calisthenics diet. The healthier you eat while on this 6 month training schedule, the stronger you will be at the end of it. And the better your results. Even small changes in your daily habits and diet can have enormous effects. And the sooner you get started, the sooner those goals of yours will start becoming real. Just like the dream of the person you want to be. Beast mode ON! Now I’d like to hear from you: Did you like this post? Or maybe you have a question. Either way, leave a quick comment below right now. Toutes les marques - Rue. Du. Commerce - achat/vente Toutes les marques - Rue. Du. Commerce. TOUTES NOS MARQUES: 1. Affiner votre recherche. Bricolage : En un seul coup d'oeil, trouvez les meilleurs produits du Web dans la catégorie Bricolage. Publicité. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Foreign Exchange Rates & World Currencies - Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/currencies Current exchange rates of major world currencies. 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A House is Built by Hands, But a Home is Built by Heart! Key Points The gall bladder can be removed in dogs and a normal life span can be expected (as is the case in humans) Early treatment of gall bladder disease results. Wisdom, humor, and frankly outrageous health quotations we love. Read on for quotes that inspire you to live healthier and be happier. Read our article and learn more on MedlinePlus: Hiatal hernia. Doctor-reviewed information on the two most common inherited liver disease: hemochromatosis and alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency their symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Specific foods can cause belly bloat. You may be intolerant of carbohydrates such as lactose -- the sugar found in. Calorie Intake to Lose Weight. Calorie Needs to lose weight. There are approximately 3. So, if you create a 3. The calorie deficit can be achieved either by calorie- restriction alone, or by a combination of fewer calories in (diet) and more calories out (exercise). This combination of diet and exercise is best for lasting weight loss. Online weight loss, dieting and healthy eating program, featuring diet plans to help you lose weight. Including calorie counter, body mass index bmi calculator. Calorie Needs to lose weight There are approximately 3500 calories in a pound of stored body fat. So, if you create a 3500-calorie deficit through diet, exercise or a. More than just a calorie calculator, this complete weight loss calculator calculates your calorie requirements, your BMI, your BMR and more. Calorie counting means taking control of the energy you consume in food and burn in exercise, so that you can look and feel your personal best. Indeed, sustained weight loss is difficult or impossible without increased regular exercise. If you want to lose fat, a useful guideline for lowering your calorie intake is to reduce your calories by at least 5. For people with only a small amount of weight to lose, 1. As a guide to minimum calorie intake, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that calorie levels never drop below 1. Even these calorie levels are quite low. How many calories do your kids need each day? Calorie needs are easy to calculate and are based on your child's age, sex, and activity level. Explains how to cut calories and reduce fat in a diet. Recommendations on achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, and selection of low-calorie, reduced fat foods. An alternative way of calculating a safe minimum calorie- intake level is by reference to your body weight or current body weight. Reducing calories by 1. You may increase this depending on your weight loss goals. Healthy Eating and Exercise For Life. Copyright . For feedback or more information, visit About Calorie Control Council. This website is designed primarily as an educational resource. It is not intended to provide medical advice on personal health matters or to guide treatment — which is only appropriately done by a qualified health professional. Permission to reprint information in whole or in part contained on this site is granted, provided customary credit is given. Low- carbohydrate diet - Wikipedia. Low- carbohydrate diets or low- carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption, often for the treatment of obesity or diabetes. Foods high in easily digestible carbohydrates (e. The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low- carbohydrate diets. The induction phase of the Atkins diet. A very low- carbohydrate, ketogenic diet was the standard treatment for diabetes throughout the 1. Steiner at the 1. Connecticut State Medical Society as The Starvation Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Then eggs and meat were added, building up to 1g of protein/kg of body weight per day, then fat was added to the point where the person stopped losing weight or a maximum of 4. The process was halted if sugar appeared in the person's urine. Mackarness also challenged the . It is regarded as one of the first low- carbohydrate diets to become popular in the United States. Atkins Diet Revolution, which advocated the low- carbohydrate diet he had successfully used in treating patients in the 1. JAMA). Later that decade, Walter Voegtlin and Herman Tarnower published books advocating the Paleolithic diet and Scarsdale diet, respectively, each meeting with moderate success. This concept classifies foods according to the rapidity of their effect on blood sugar levels – with fast- digesting simple carbohydrates causing a sharper increase and slower- digesting complex carbohydrates, such as whole grains, a slower one. Atkins New Diet Revolution, and other doctors began to publish books based on the same principles. This has been said to be the beginning of what the mass media call the . By some accounts, up to 1. This means sharply reducing consumption of desserts, breads, pastas, potatoes, rice, and other sweet or starchy foods. Some recommend levels less than 2. By contrast, the U. S. Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum intake of 1. In practice, though, . Low- GI/low- GL diets are based on the measured change in blood glucose levels in various carbohydrates – these vary markedly in laboratory studies. The differences are due to poorly understood digestive differences between foods. However, as foods influence digestion in complex ways (e. Although such diet recommendations mostly involve lowering nutritive carbohydrates, some low- carbohydrate foods are discouraged, as well (e. The Fodmap Friendly food Program FODMAP Friendly is the only registered certification trademark worldwide certifying FODMAP levels in packaged food.Like glycemic- index diets, predicting the insulin secretion from any particular meal is difficult, due to assorted digestive interactions and so differing effects on insulin release. While mild acidosis may be a side effect when beginning a ketogenic diet. It should not be conflated with diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be life- threatening. A diet very low in starches and sugars induces several adaptive responses. Low blood glucose causes the pancreas to produce glucagon. When liver glycogen stores are exhausted, the body starts using fatty acids instead of glucose. Share this site on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter +1 us on Google + About Us. Paleo Plan provides simple meal plans that outline every meal of the week. What are liver enzymes or aminotransferases? An initial step in detecting liver damage is a simple blood test to determine the presence of certain liver enzymes in. In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight. Looking for boosted energy, mental sharpness, workout efficiency and/or weight control? Adding healthy carbs to your diet (in moderation) could help you achieve those. The brain cannot use fatty acids for energy, and instead uses ketones produced from fatty acids by the liver. By using fatty acids and ketones as energy sources, supplemented by conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis), the body can maintain normal levels of blood glucose without dietary carbohydrates. Most advocates of low- carbohydrate diets, such as the Atkins diet, argue that the human body is adapted to function primarily in ketosis. They argue that the purported dangers of ketosis are unsubstantiated (some of the arguments against ketosis result from confusion between ketosis and ketoacidosis, which is a mostly diabetic condition unrelated to dieting or low- carbohydrate intake). Most low- carb diet plans discourage consumption of trans fat. On a high- carbohydrate diet, glucose is used by cells in the body for the energy needed for their basic functions, and about two- thirds of body cells require insulin to use glucose. Excessive amounts of blood glucose are thought to be a primary cause of the complications of diabetes, when glucose reacts with body proteins (resulting in glycosolated proteins) and change their behavior. Perhaps for this reason, the amount of glucose tightly maintained in the blood is quite low. Unless a meal is very low in starches and sugars, blood glucose will rise for a period of an hour or two after a meal. When this occurs, beta cells in the pancreas release insulin to cause uptake of glucose into cells. In liver and muscle cells, more glucose is taken in than is needed and stored as glycogen (once called 'animal starch'). In diabetics, glucose levels vary in time with meals and vary a little more as a result of high- carbohydrate meals. In nondiabetics, blood- sugar levels are restored to normal levels within an hour or two, regardless of the content of a meal. However, the ability of the body to store glycogen is finite. Once liver and muscular stores are filled to the maximum, adipose tissue (subcutaneous and visceral fat stores) becomes the site of sugar storage in the form of fat. However, a very- low- carbohydrate diet (less than 2. The opposite is also true; for instance, clinical experience suggests very- low- carbohydrate diets for patients with metabolic syndrome. Researchers and other experts have published articles and studies that run the gamut from promoting the safety and efficacy of these diets. However, studies emerged which evaluate these diets over much longer periods, controlled studies as long as two years and survey studies as long as two decades. The review included both extreme low carbohydrate diets high in both protein and fat, as well as less extreme low carbohydrate diets that are high in protein but with recommended intakes of fat. The authors found that when the amount of energy (kilojoules/calories) consumed by people following the low carbohydrate and balanced diets (4. For blood pressure, cholesterol levels and diabetes markers there was also no difference detected between the low carbohydrate and the balanced diets. The follow- up of these trials was no longer than two years, which is too short to provide an adequate picture of the long term risk of following a low carbohydrate diet. However, the agency also concluded, over a longer span (1. Mediterranean diet, or diets aiming at low glycemic indices. The authors of this review also found a higher rate of attrition in groups with low- fat diets, and concluded, . Some of these organizations receive funding from the food industry. The paper expresses reservations about the Atkins plan, but acknowledges it as a legitimate weight- loss approach. Nevertheless, this is perhaps the first statement of support, albeit for the short term, by a medical organization. They have stated . Excess calories from carbohydrates are not any more fattening than calories from other sources. Despite the claims of low- carb diets, a high- carbohydrate diet does not promote fat storage by enhancing insulin resistance. Robert Eckel, past president, noted that a low- carbohydrate diet could potentially meet AHA guidelines if it conformed to the AHA guidelines for low fat content. Moreover, other statements suggest their position might be re- evaluated in the event of more evidence from longer- term studies. National Health Service (UK)The consumer advice statements of the NHS regarding low- carbohydrate diets state that . Department of Health and Human Services. The HHS issues consumer guidelines for maintaining heart health which state regarding low- carbohydrate diets that . An argument for the use of the diet can potentially be supported by . What we do know from the evidence is that eating a wide variety of nutritious foods, in the right amounts, is crucial to optimal health. Low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and creatinine did not change significantly. The study found the LCD was shown to have favorable effects on body weight and major cardiovascular risk factors (but concluded the effects on long- term health are unknown). The study did not compare health benefits of LCD to low- fat diets. The researchers concluded that low- carbohydrate, Mediterranean, low- glycemic index, and high- protein diets are effective in improving markers of risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, in absolute terms, even sweet fruits and berries do not represent a significant source of carbohydrates in their natural form, and also typically contain a good deal of fiber which attenuates the absorption of sugar in the gut. Some vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots, have high concentrations of starch, as do corn and rice. Most low- carbohydrate diet plans accommodate vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, and peppers. Nevertheless, debate remains as to whether restricting even just high- carbohydrate fruits, vegetables, and grains is truly healthy. Low- carbohydrate vegetarianism is also practiced. Raw fruits and vegetables are packed with an array of other protective chemicals, such as vitamins, flavonoids, and sugar alcohols. Some of those molecules help safeguard against the over- absorption of sugars in the human digestive system. The primary reason for this recommendation is that if the switch from a high- carbohydrate to a low- carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is rapid, the body can temporarily go through a period of adjustment during which it may require extra vitamins and minerals. This is because the body releases excess fluids stored during high- carbohydrate eating. In other words, the body goes through a temporary . This does not, in and of itself, indicate that either type of diet is nutritionally deficient. While many foods rich in carbohydrates are also rich in vitamins and minerals, many low- carbohydrate foods are similarly rich in vitamins and minerals. This argument, by itself, is incomplete. Although many dietary carbohydrates do break down into glucose, most of that glucose does not remain in the bloodstream for long. Pending Recalls. FDA is conducting a pilot program seeking to expedite notifications of human drug product recalls to the public. In addition to the information about classified recalls found in the weekly Enforcement Report, the agency will include actions that have been determined to be recalls, but that remain in the process of being classified as a Class I, II, or III action. The information will be continue to be provided in a narrative format until FDA has decided upon the method to include it in the new Enforcement Report format. Send comments or suggestions to CDERRecall. Pilot@fda. hhs. gov. Pending Recalls for the May 3. Enforcement Report. PRODUCTa) morphine sulfate in 0. Sodium Chloride injectable, 1 mg per m. Dianabol by Gen-Shi Laboratories. Dianabol is the trade name for the synthetic steroid released by Gen-Shi Laboratories. Dianabol 10 mg is intended for oral. L, Total Volume 1. L Single Dose Container (Total morphine Dose 1. L), Preservative Free (Contains Sulfites), NDC 7. Sodium Chloride injectable, 1 mg per m. L, Total Volume 1. L, Single Dose Container (Total morphine Dose 1. L), Preservative Free (Contains Sulfites, NDC 7. NYL (as citrate) in 0. Nama Generik MDC Kategori Indikasi Dos; Abacavir Sulphate 600 mg and Lamivudine 300 mg Tablet: J05AR02964T1001XX: A*: Antiretroviral combination therapy of HIV. It's very important to find the right dose while on the HCG Diet that will create the "no hunger" sweet spot. DO NOT let yourself be hungry on HCG. The price list is a Consumer Price Guide (CPG) for public to purchase their medicines in private sector. This information serves as a guidance on the availabilitity. Browse our Drugs database to find information about prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Research side effects, dosages, interactions and review data. I had a particularly rough time with chemotherapy, as I encountered some of the rarer side effects. Most testicular cancer patients have a much easier. FDA is conducting a pilot program seeking to expedite notifications of human drug product recalls to the public. In addition to the information about classified. Sodium Chloride injectable,1. L, Total Volume 1. L, Single Dose Container, (Total fentanyl Dose 1,0. L) Preservative Free, NDC 7. NYL (as citrate) in 0. Sodium Chloride injectable,1. L, Total Volume 1. L, Single Dose Container, (Total fentanyl Dose 1,0. L) Preservative Free, NDC 7. NYL (as citrate) in 1. L 0. 9% Sodium Chloride injectable,2. L, Single Dose Container, (Total fentanyl Dose 2,0. L) Preservative Free, NDC 7. HYDROmorphone HCL in 0. Sodium Chloride injectable, 0. Total Volume 1. 00m. L, Single Dose Container, (Total HYDROmorphone Dose 2. L) Preservative Free, NDC 7. FAZolin sodium added to 1. L 0. 9% Sodium Chloride injectable, 2g, Total Approximate Volume 1. L, Single Dose Container, Preservative Free, NDC 7. FAZolin sodium added to 1. L 0. 9% Sodium Chloride injectable, 3g, Total Approximate Volume 1. L, Single Dose Container, Preservative Free, NDC 7. MAGNESIUM Sulfate added to 1. L 0. 9% Sodium Chloride injectable, 4g, Total Approximate Volume 1. L (does not include mfg. Aug 2. 01. 8b) WXWZ, Exp. Mar 2. 01. 9; WXTS, Exp. Zydus Cadila is a fully integrated, global healthcare provider, with strengths all along the pharmaceutical value chain. With a core competence in the field of.Oct 2. 01. 9c) WXTZ, Exp. Sep 2. 01. 9RECALLING FIRMSato Pharmaceutical Co., LTDREASON FOR RECALLCGMP Deviations. PRODUCTa) Estriol, For Prescription Compounding, packaged in a) 1 G bottle, NDC: 5. G bottle, NDC: 5. G bottle, NDC: 5. G bottle, NDC: 5. Also packaged as: Estriol USP Micronized, For prescription compounding, packaged in a 1. G bottle, NDC 5. 23. Estrone, For Prescription Compounding, packaged in a) 1 G bottle, NDC: 5. Infertility is a problem that involves both partners. Diagnostic testing is unnecessary if the couple has not attempted to. G bottle, NDC 5. 15. G bottle, NDC: 5. G bottle, NDC: 5. Also packaged as: Estrone USP, For Prescription Compounding, packaged in a) 1 G bottle, NDC 5. G bottle, NDC 5. 23. G bottle, NDC 5. 23. G bottle, NDC 5. 23. CODEa) Lot #, Expiration Date: a) 1 G bottle: 1. D0. 8- U0. 2- 0. 30. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 33. C0. 2- U0. 2- 0. 35. G bottle: 1. 6D0. U0. 2- 0. 30. 00. D0. 8- U0. 2- 0. 32. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 33. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 35. C0. 2- U0. 2- 0. 35. G bottle: 1. 6D0. U0. 2- 0. 30. 00. D0. 8- U0. 2- 0. 32. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 33. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 35. C0. 2- U0. 2- 0. 35. G bottle: 1. 6D0. U0. 2- 0. 30. 00. D0. 8- U0. 2- 0. 32. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 31. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 33. F2. 3- U0. 5- 0. 35. G1. 8- F0. 02, 5/2. C0. 2- U0. 2- 0. 35. Lot #, Expiration Date: a) 1. J0. 5- U0. 1- 0. 32. G1. 8- F0. 03. A, 5/1. J2. 5- U0. 5- 0. 33. F2. 3- U0. 4- 0. 31. J0. 5- U0. 2- 0. 32. G1. 8- F0. 03. A, 5/1. J2. 5- U0. 5- 0. 33. J2. 5- U0. 5- 0. 34. J2. 5- U0. 5- 0. 35. F2. 3- U0. 4- 0. 31. K1. 6- U3. 37- 0. G1. 8- F0. 03, 1. G1. 8- F0. 03. A, 5/1. K1. 6- U3. 37- 0. G1. 8- F0. 03, 5/1. J2. 5- U0. 5- 0. 34. RECALLING FIRMFagron, Inc. REASON FOR RECALLCGMP Deviations at the API manufacturer site. Pending Recalls for the May 1. Enforcement Report. PRODUCTHYDROCORTISONE LOTION, USP, 2. FL OZ (5. 9 m. L) bottle, NDC 0. CODELot #: 0. 00. Exp. 0. 5/1. 7; 0. Exp. 0. 9/1. 7; 0. Exp. 1. 2/1. 7; 0. Exp. 0. 4/1. 8; 0. Exp. 1. 2/1. 8RECALLING FIRMVintage Pharmaceuticals LLC, DBA Qualitest Pharmaceuticals, Huntsville, ALREASON FOR RECALLSuperpotent Drug: above specification for the assay. PRODUCTBLEPHAMIDE (sulfacetamide sodium and prednisolone acetate ophthalmic ointment, USP) 1. Rx only, 3. 5g tube, NDC 0. CODE9. 38. 02, Exp. RECALLING FIRMAllergan, Waco, TXREASON FOR RECALLFailed Impurities/Degradation Specifications: Product sample stability testing results did not meet the specification for impurities. Pending Recalls for the May 3, 2. Enforcement Report. PRODUCTOlanzapine Tablets, 2. Rx only, 1. 00. 0- count bottle (NDC 6. Olanzapine Tablets, 7. Rx only, packaged in a) 3. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. Olanzapine Tablets, 1. Rx only, packaged in a) 3. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. Olanzapine Tablets, 2. Rx only, packaged in a) 3. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. NDC 6. 27. 56- 5. CODELot #: JKP2. 75. A, Exp 0. 5/1. 7; JKR5. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 8Lot #: a) JKP3. B, Exp 0. 6/1. 7, JKR5. A, Exp 0. 6/1. 8; b) JKP2. A, Exp 0. 5/1. 7, JKP3. A, JKP3. 15. 0A, Exp 0. JKR5. 04. 9A, Exp 0. JKP2. 75. 8B, Exp 0. Lot #: a) JKP1. 35. A, Exp 0. 3/1. 7, JKP2. A, Exp 0. 6/1. 7, JKR5. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 8; b) JKP1. A, Exp 0. 3/1. 7, JKP2. A, JKP3. 14. 5A, Exp 0. JKR5. 47. 6A, Exp 0. JKP1. 35. 3A, Exp 0. JKP3. 14. 6A, JKP2. B, Exp 0. 6/1. 7Lot #: a) JKR5. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 8; b) JKP0. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 7, JKR5. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 8; c) JKP0. A, Exp 0. 4/1. 7RECALLING FIRMSun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc., Cranbury, NJREASON FOR RECALLFailed Impurities/Degradation Specifications: out of specification results for the related substances test parameter (impurities). Pending Recalls for the April 2. Enforcement Report. PRODUCT Zinc Oxide Paste 2. NDC 5. 15. 52- 0. NDC 5. 15. 52- 0. OTCCODE 1. 7C0. U0. 7- 0. 36. 09. Exp. 0. 5- 0. 1- 2. C0. 1- U0. 4- 0. 36. Exp. 0. 5- 0. 1- 2. C0. 1- U0. 5- 0. 36. Exp. 0. 5- 0. 1- 2. RECALLING FIRM Fagron Inc. Paul, MNREASON FOR RECALL Labeling Error on Declared Strength: the active ingredient on the Drug Facts Panel is listed as Zinc Oxide 2. Zinc Oxide 2. 50 mg. PRODUCTRabeprazole Sodium Delayed Release Tablets, 2. NDC 6. 51. 62- 0. NDC 6. 51. 62- 0. Rx Only. CODEa) AR1. AR1. 51. 32. 2, AR1. Exp. 9/2. 01. 7; AR1. A, AR1. 60. 73. 1A, AR1. A, Exp. 0. 5/2. 01. AR1. 51. 32. 4, AR1. AR1. 51. 32. 5, Exp. AR1. 60. 73. 0B, 5/2. RECALLING FIRMAmneal Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJREASON FOR RECALL Failed Dissolution Specifications. PRODUCTFluocinonide Cream 0. NDC 5. 16. 72- 1. Rx Only. CODED3. 01. D3. 01. 41. 14. 73 Exp. RECALLING FIRMTaro Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc, Hawthorne, NYREASON FOR RECALL Cross contamination. Pending Recalls for the April 1. Enforcement Report. PRODUCTh. CG Body Shaper, Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin 5. IU, 1 ounce bottles, Distributed by HCG Body Shaper. CODENo Code Information. RECALLING FIRMHutchwood Enterprise LLC dba HCG Body Shaper, St. Peters, MO 6. 33. REASON FOR RECALLMarketed without an approved NDA/ANDA; product contains HCGPRODUCTNystatin and Triamcinolone Acetonide Cream, USP, 1. USP, Nystatin Units/1mg Triamcinolone Acetonide per g, distributed in a) 1. NDC 5. 16. 72- 1. NDC 5. 16. 72- 1. NDC 5. 16. 72- 1. Rx only. CODEa) Lot B5. Inc., Hawthorne, NY 1. REASON FOR RECALLFailed Content Uniformity Specifications. Pending Recalls for the April 5, 2. Enforcement Report. PRODUCT Cotellic (cobimetinib) tablets, 2. Rx only, 6. 3 count bottle, NDC 5. CODE B1. 00. 9MC 0. B1. 00. 9M9 0. 2/2. B1. 00. 9MA 0. 2/2. B1. 00. 9MT 0. 2/2. RECALLING FIRM Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California. REASON FOR RECALL Superpotent Drug. PRODUCT1) Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets 3. Rx only, NDC 5. 04. Nifedipine Extended- Release Tablets 3. Rx only, NDC 4. 77. Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets, 6. Rx only, NDC 5. 04. Nifedipine Extended- Release Tablets, 6. Rx only, NDC 4. 77. Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets, 9. Rx only, NDC 5. 04. Nifedipine Extended- Release Tablets, 9. Rx only, NDC 4. 77. Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets 3. Rx only, NDC 5. 24. Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets 6. Rx only, NDC 5. 24. Adalat CC (nifedipine) Extended Release Tablets 9. Rx only, NDC 5. 24. CODE1) Lot #: BXH1. P2. 1A, Exp. 1. 1/2. Lot #: BXH1. P2. 2, BXH1. P2. 1A, BXH1. P2. BXH1. P3. 1, BXH1. P2. 1B, Exp. 1. 1/2. BXH6. EL1, BXH6. 6A1, BXH6. EN1, BXH6. EP1, BXH6. ER1, Exp. 0. 6/2. BXH8. 1K1. A, BXHBJD1. A, Exp. 1. 0/2. 01. Lot #: BXH1. BE1. A, BXH1. P4. 1A, Exp. Lot #: BXH1. P4. 1, BXH1. BEE1, BXH1. BE2, BXH1. BE1. B, BXH1. BE1. A, BXH1. P4. 1A, Exp. BXH8. 1R1, BXHBD4. A, BXH5. ZR1, BXH9. AL1. A, Exp. 0. 6/2. BXHCUD1. A, BXHCUF2. A, Exp. 0. 1/2. 01. Lot #: BXH6. 6D1. A, Exp. 0. 3/2. 01. Lot #: BXH1. P5. 1, BXH6. D1, BXH1. P5. 1A, BXH5. ZS1, Exp. 0. 3/2. BXH1. P5. 2, Exp. BXHBKF1. A, and BXHB8. S1. A, Exp. 1. 0/2. Lot #: BXHBJD1. A, Exp. Lot #: BXCUE1. A, Exp. Lot #: BXHD7. U1. A, Exp. 1. 0/2. 01. RECALLING FIRMAlvogen, Inc., Pine Brook, NJREASON FOR RECALLCross Contamination with other Products; residual powder found in inlet air duct identified as sorafenib. PRODUCTLumigan (bimatoprost ophthalmic solution) 0. L bottle, Rx only NDC 0. CODELot #: 9. 25. Exp. JUN 2. 01. 8RECALLING FIRMAllergan, Irvine, CAREASON FOR RECALLFailed Impurities/ Degradation Specifications. PRODUCTFluphenazine Decanoate Injection, USP, 2. L, 5 m. L Multiple Dose vial, Rx only, NDC 6. CODELot #: 6. 11. Exp. 0. 7/1. 7; 6. Exp. 0. 8/1. 7; 6. Exp. 0. 1/1. 8; 6. Exp. 0. 3/1. 8RECALLING FIRMFresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, ILREASON FOR RECALLSubpotent Drug. PRODUCTPenicillin V Potassium Tablets, USP, 5. Units), Rx only, NDC 5. CODELot PE5. 01. 50. A, exp 1. 1/2. 01. RECALLING FIRMCitron Pharma LLC, East Brunswick, NJREASON FOR RECALLPresence of Foreign Tablets/Capsules; Amoxicillin 5. Penicillin V Potassium 5. PRODUCTDoxercalciferol Capsules, 0. Rx only, NDC 0. 05. CODELot KB6. 07. 07, exp 1. RECALLING FIRMWest- Ward Columbus Inc., Columbus, OHREASON FOR RECALLFailed Tablet/Capsules Specifications; capsules found with illegible print. PRODUCT1) Estradiol Micronized API, NDC 4. Estradiol Non- Microcronize API, NDC 4. Estriol Micronized API, NDC 4. Estrone Micronized API, NDC 4. Testosterone Micronized API, NDC 4. Ethinyl Estradiol Micronized API, NDC 4. Beginners Running Program . The running program below, adapted from the New York Road Runners Club, does exactly that and is an example of an ten- week run/walk strategy, aimed at beginners in good health. You can do it. All it requires on your part is the commitment to go out and run 3, preferably 5 times, a week. You’ll know how often to run, by listening to your body. Some people take more time to recover between workouts and need to run fewer times a week, while others recover very quickly and can run more. Also, be sure to meet your body’s daily nutritional requirements, as you need these nutrients to get stronger from your running sessions. Eating right will help you recover faster from your workouts. Read more about what to eat before and after a workout. Depending on how often you are running, try to allow for a day of recovery between runs. Save time by having a plan. Our program is simplified in calendar form. Simply click on each day’s workout and it takes you to the specific routine which includes.Jump-start your weight loss and win the fight over fat with Dr. Oz’s two-week plan! Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults A Randomized Clinical Trial. In the Everyday Roots Book I begin the chapter on weight loss by stating that I believe there are only two ways to truly manage weight, through exercising and eating. For example, if you are running 4 times a week, avoid running 4 consecutive days. RUNNING INTENSITYWarm up before you start with a 5 – 1. Run at a moderate pace, at 6. You should be able to pass the “talk test.”If you run flat out, you will be too exhausted to repeat the intervals and will probably vow to never run again. The walking breaks are important too. Walking intervals allows you to recover and means that you can run for longer. Remember, you are running for endurance, not sprinting. It also breaks your run into manageable parts, decreases the likelihood of aches, pain and injury. You feel great afterwards, not overwhelmingly fatigued and completely exhausted. You can for long distances, which you otherwise wouldn’t be able to do. WEEKRun- Walk Plan. Total Duration. 11 min run, 2 min walk (7x)2. Run 2. 0 minutes continuously. This program should suit most non- active beginners. Therefore, if you can, follow the program exactly. However, if you are very overweight, older or have been very inactive, it will probably take longer. Do not exceed what you can do, listen to your body. Stay at the level you can handle until you feel able to move to the next stage. It doesn’t matter if it takes you twenty weeks. The goal is to get there. On the other hand, if you have been somewhat active before, you may find the program too easy and progress quickly (or try the fast- track beginners running plan). In that case, simply move forward to the next level. Once you hit 2. 0 minutes nonstop running, move on to the advanced beginners program. You may be able to complete 3. Still, take it easy. Track your diet with this free diet software. Count calories, record exercise, monitor your weight loss. Free diet software for Windows. It’s no secret that weight gets harder to manage as we age. Metabolism, muscle mass, and natural hormonal changes play a big part in women’s weight loss after 40. After weight loss, changes in the circulating levels of several peripheral hormones involved in the homeostatic regulation of body weight occur. Whether these changes. Comments for No Weight Loss After Roux en Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. Click here to add your own comments. We’ve broken this weight loss diet down so that it’s easy for you to follow. This diet is made for people who want to lose body fat quickly (which equals. Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include: As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss. The goal of this running program is to get there uninjured and it is better to veer on the side of caution. For some tips on running form check out the running form infographic. Remember to clear any exercise program with your doctor before starting, especially if you have any medical condition. Once you have completed this program you can continue your improvements by moving on to the next 1. Libro - Wikipedia. Un libro . I libri sono pertanto opere letterarie e talvolta una stessa opera . Nella biblioteconomia e scienza dell'informazione un libro . La biblioteca . Google ha stimato che al 2. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche . Un'evoluzione identica ha sub. In russo ed in serbo, altra lingua slava, le parole . Se ne deduce che le prime scritture delle lingue indoeuropee possano esser state intagliate su legno di faggio. Nel V secolo, Isidoro di Siviglia spiegò l'allora corrente relazione tra codex, libro e rotolo nella sua opera Etymologiae (VI.13): "Un codex è composto da molti. Malgrado un qualunque computer sia potenzialmente in grado di permettere la lettura di un ebook, si dovrebbe parlare di eBook reading device solo riferendosi a quei. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.La scrittura, un sistema di segni durevoli che permette di trasmettere e conservare le informazioni, ha cominciato a svilupparsi tra il VII e il IV millennio a. C. In seguito . Lo studio di queste iscrizioni . La scrittura alfabetica emerse in Egitto circa 5. Gli antichi Egizi erano soliti scrivere scrivere sul papiro, una pianta coltivata lungo il fiume Nilo. Inizialmente i termini non erano separati l'uno dall'altro (scriptura continua) e non c'era punteggiatura. I testi venivano scritti da destra a sinistra, da sinistra a destra, e anche in modo che le linee alternate si leggessero in direzioni opposte. Il termine tecnico per questo tipo di scrittura, con un andamento che ricorda quello de solchi tracciati dall'aratro in un campo, . Furono infatti usate come mezzo di scrittura, specialmente per il cuneiforme, durante tutta l'Et. Servivano da materiale normale di scrittura nelle scuole, in contabilit. Avevano il vantaggio di essere riutilizzabili: la cera poteva essere fusa e riformare una . L'usanza di legare insieme diverse tavolette di cera (romano pugillares) . Erano utilizzate anche le cortecce di albero, come per esempio quelle della Tilia, e altri materiali consimili. La parola greca per papiro come materiale di scrittura (biblion) e libro (biblos) proviene dal porto fenicio di Biblo, da dove si esportava il papiro verso la Grecia. Tomus fu usato dai latini con lo stesso significato di volumen (vedi sotto anche la spiegazione di Isidoro di Siviglia). Che fossero fatti di papiro, pergamena o carta, i rotoli furono la forma libraria dominante della cultura ellenistica, romana, cinese ed ebraica. Il formato di codex si stabil. Viene chiamato codex per metafora di un tronco (codex) d'albero o di vite, come se fosse un ceppo di legno, poich. La prima menzione scritta del codice come forma di libro . Tuttavia, il codice non si guadagn. Gli autori cristiani potrebbero anche aver voluto distinguere i loro scritti dai testi pagani scritti su rotoli. La storia del libro continua a svilupparsi con la graduale transizione dal rotolo al codex, spostandosi dal Vicino Oriente del II- II millennio a. C. All'arrivo del Medioevo, circa mezzo millennio dopo, i codici - di foggia e costruzione in tutto simili al libro moderno - rimpiazzarono il rotolo e furono composti principalmente di pergamena. Il rotolo continu. Fu un cambiamento che influ. Quattro son troppi? Potrai pagarli due, e Trifone il libraio ci far. Haec tibi, multiplici quae structa est massa tabella, / Carmina Nasonis quinque decemque gerit. Questa mole composta da numerosi fogli contiene quindici libri poetici del Nasone »(Marziale XIV. Il libro antico. L'oggetto libro sub. Search the history of over 298 billion web pages on the Internet. XHTML namespace. The namespace name http:// is intended for use in various specifications such as: Recommendations: HTML 5: A vocabulary and. Dal II secolo a. C. Nel mondo antico non godette di molta fortuna a causa del prezzo elevato rispetto a quello del papiro. Tuttavia aveva il vantaggio di una maggiore resistenza e la possibilit. Il libro in forma di rotolo consisteva in fogli preparati da fibre di papiro (phylire) disposte in uno strato orizzontale (lo strato che poi riceveva la scrittura) sovrapposto ad uno strato verticale (la faccia opposta). I fogli cos. La scrittura era effettuata su colonne, generalmente sul lato del papiro che presentava le fibre orizzontali. Non si hanno molte testimonianze sui rotoli di pergamena tuttavia la loro forma era simile a quella dei libri in papiro. Gli inchiostri neri utilizzati erano a base di nerofumo e gomma arabica. Dal II secolo d. C. La vecchia forma libraria a rotolo scompare in ambito librario. In forma notevolmente differente permane invece in ambito archivistico. Nel Medio Evo si fanno strada alcune innovazioni: nuovi inchiostri ferro gallici e, a partire dalla met. Il prezzo molto basso di questo materiale, ricavato da stracci e quindi pi. Ma bisogna aspettare la seconda met. Questo mezzo, permettendo l'accelerazione della produzione delle copie di testi contribuisce alla diffusione del libro e della cultura. La parola membranae, letteralmente . Altri suoi distici rivelano che tra i regali fatti da Marziale c'erano copie di Virgilio, di Cicerone e Livio. Le parole di Marziale danno la distinta impressione che tali edizioni fossero qualcosa di recentemente introdotto. Il codice si origin. Quando c'era bisogno di pi. Sono stati rinvenuti . Nel tempo, furono anche disponibili modelli di lusso fatti con tavolette di avorio invece che di legno. I romani chiamarono tali tavolette col nome di codex e solo molto pi. Ad un certo punto i romani inventarono un taccuino pi. Il passo fu breve dall'usare due o tre fogli come taccuino al legarne insieme una certa quantit. Il grande vantaggio che offrivano rispetto ai rolli era la capienza, vantaggio che sorgeva dal fatto che la facciata esterna del rotolo era lasciata in bianco, vuota. Il codice invece aveva scritte entrambe le facciate di ogni pagina, come in un libro moderno.(LA). Quam brevis inmensum cepit membrana Maronem! Ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit. La prima pagina porta il volto del poeta. Ma copie erano anche fatte di fogli di papiro. In Egitto, dove cresceva la pianta del papiro ed era centro della sua manifattura per materiale scrittorio, il codex di tale materiale era naturalmente pi. Quando i greci ed i romani disponevano solo del rotolo per scrivere libri, si preferiva usare il papiro piuttosto che la pergamena. Fece la sua comparsa in Egitto non molto dopo il tempo di Marziale, nel II secolo d. C., o forse anche prima, alla fine del I secolo. Il suo debutto fu modesto. A tutt'oggi sono stati rinvenuti 1. Nel terzo secolo la percentuale aumenta dall'1,5% a circa il 1. Verso il 3. 00 d. C. Il rotolo comunque aveva ancora parecchi secoli davanti a s. In teoria, in Egitto, terra ricca di pianta di papiro, il codice papiraceo avrebbe dovuto regnar supremo, ma non fu cos. Sebbene gli undici codici della Bibbia datati in quel secolo fossero papiracei, esistono circa 1. Non ne scegliemmo alcuno, ma ne raccogliemmo altri otto per i quali gli diedi 1. Il codex tanto apprezzato da Marziale aveva quindi fatto molta strada da Roma. Nel terzo secolo, quando tali codici divennero alquanto diffusi, quelli di pergamena iniziarono ad essere popolari. Il numero totale di codici sopravvissuti correntemente ammontano a pi. Nel quarto secolo la percentuale si alza al 3. V secolo. In breve, anche in Egitto, la fonte mondiale del papiro, il codice di pergamena occupava una notevole quota di mercato. Sono tutti di pergamena, edizioni eleganti, scritti in elaborata calligrafia su sottili fogli di pergamena. Per tali edizioni di lusso il papiro era certamente inadatto. Titoli di compilazioni celebri, il Codice teodosiano promulgato nel 4. Codice giustinianeo promulgato nel 5. Dall'altro lato, basandoci sulle annotazioni di Libanio, intellettuale del IV secolo che nelle sue molteplici attivit. Le ragioni erano buone: la pergamena poteva resistere a maltrattamenti vari, il codice poteva venir consultato velocemente per riferimenti giuridici, sentenze e giudizi, e cos. La pergamena usata doveva certo essere di bassa qualit. Il peso era per. Il papiro divenne difficile da reperire a causa della mancanza di contatti con l'Antico Egitto e la pergamena, che era stata usata da secoli, divenne il materiale di scrittura principale. I monasteri continuarono la tradizione scritturale latina dell'Impero romano d'Occidente. Cassiodoro, nel Monastero di Vivario (fondato verso il 5. XLVIII), che riserva certi momenti alla lettura, influenz. La tradizione e lo stile dell'Impero romano predominava ancora, ma gradualmente emerse la cultura peculiare libro medievale. Prima dell'invenzione e adozione del torchio calcografico, quasi tutti i libri venivano copiati a mano, il che rendeva i libri costosi e relativamente rari. I piccoli monasteri di solito possedevano poche dozzine di libri, forse qualche centinaio quelli di medie dimensioni. Con il IX secolo, le pi! Alcuni di questi esemplari sono esposti nei musei. La luce artificiale era proibita per paura che potesse danneggiare i manoscritti. Esistevano cinque tipi di scribi. La pergamena doveva essere preparata, poi le pagine libere venivano pianificate e rigate con uno strumento appuntito o un piombo, dopo di che il testo era scritto dallo scriba, che di solito lasciava aree vuote a scopo illustrativo e rubricativo. Infine, il libro veniva rilegato dal rilegatore. Esistono testi scritti in rosso o addirittura in oro, e diversi colori venivano utilizzati per le miniature. A volte la pergamena era tutta di colore viola e il testo vi era scritto in oro o argento (per esempio, il Codex Argenteus). Tuttavia, l'uso di spazi tra le parole non divenne comune prima del XII secolo. Si sostiene che l'uso di spaziatura tra parole dimostra il passaggio dalla lettura semi- vocalizzata a quella silenziosa. Le copertine erano fatte di legno e ricoperte di cuoio. Durante il Tardo Medioevo, quando cominciarono a sorgere le biblioteche pubbliche, e fino al XVIII secolo, i libri venivano spesso incatenati ad una libreria o scrivania per impedirne il furto. Questi libri attaccati a catena sono chiamati libri catenati. Vedi illustrazione a margine. Dapprima, i libri erano copiati prevalentemente nei monasteri, uno alla volta. Con l'apparire delle universit. I libri furono divisi in fogli non legati (pecia), che furono distribuiti a differenti copisti e di conseguenza la velocit. Il sistema venne gestito da corporazioni secolari di cartolai, che produssero sia materiale religioso che laico. Secondo la tradizione ebraica, il rotolo della Torah posto nella sinagoga deve esser scritto a mano su pergamena e quindi un libro stampato non . Lo scriba ebraico (sofer) . Un certo numero di citt. As a patient beginning peritoneal dialysis treatments, you are adjusting to many changes in your daily life. Your doctor has probably told you that some changes in. There is no single renal diet, and advice will vary depending on things such as your weight, blood tests and if appropriate dialysis choice. On these pages we can. Dialysis Nursing Care Plan & Management. Description. Dialysis is primarily used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy) due to renal failure. Dialysis works on the principles of diffusion of solute through a semipermeable membrane that separates two solutions. Direction of diffusion depends on concentration of solute in each solution. Rate and efficiency depend on concentration gradient, temperature of solution, pore size of membrane, and molecular size. Two Mechanisms in Dialysis. Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis – movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration of particles to one of greater concentration. Indications. The decision to initiate dialysis or hemofiltration in patients with renal failure depends on several factors. These can be divided into acute or chronic indications. Indications for dialysis in the patient with acute kidney injury are. Metabolic acidosis in situations where correction with sodium bicarbonate is impractical or may result in fluid overload. Electrolyte abnormality, such as severe hyperkalemia, especially when combined with AKI. Intoxication, that is, acute poisoning with a dialysable drug, such as lithium, or aspirin. Fluid overload not expected to respond to treatment with diuretics. Complications of uremia, such as pericarditis or encephalopathy. Chronic indications for dialysis. The purpose of this diet is to keep the levels of electrolytes, minerals, and fluid in your body balanced when you have chronic kidney disease or are on dialysis. Fluid Calculation Tips For Renal Patients Following a Fluid Restriction Diet Following a dialysis diet fluid restriction is easier if a person has a plan to keep up. When a renal diet is ordered, just what does this mean? In long term care, the restrictions are liberalized. The diet may be interpreted as general (or regular), no. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Content Last Updated: 3rd September 2012. Page Last Updated: 20th May 2009.Symptomatic renal failure. Low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (RRT often recommended to commence at a GFR of less than 1. In diabetics dialysis is started earlier. Difficulty in medically controlling fluid overload, serum potassium, and/or serum phosphorus when the GFR is very low. Goals. Reduce level of nitrogenous waste. Correct acidosis, reverse electrolyte imbalances, remove excess fluid. Two main types of dialysis. I. Hemodialysis. Hemodialysis removes wastes and water by circulating blood outside the body through an external filter, called a dialyzer, that contains a semipermeable membrane. In hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is pumped through the blood compartment of a dialyzer, exposing it to a partially permeable membrane. The dialyzer is composed of thousands of tiny synthetic hollow fibers. The fiber wall acts as the semipermeable membrane. Blood flows through the fibers, dialysis solution flows around the outside the fibers, and water and wastes move between these two solutions. The cleansed blood is then returned via the circuit back to the body. Ultrafiltration occurs by increasing the hydrostatic pressure across the dialyzer membrane. This usually is done by applying a negative pressure to the dialysate compartment of the dialyzer. This pressure gradient causes water and dissolved solutes to move from blood to dialysate, and allows the removal of several litres of excess fluid during a typical 3 to 5 hour treatment. Studies have demonstrated the clinical benefits of dialyzing 5 to 7 times a week, for 6 to 8 hours. These frequent long treatments are often done at home, while sleeping but home dialysis is a flexible modality and schedules can be changed day to day, week to week. Types of venous access for hemodialysis. External shunt. Cannula is placed in a large vein and a large artery that approximate each other. External shunts, which provide easy and painless access to bloodstream, are prone to infection and clotting and causes erosion of the skin a round the insertion area. Arteriovenous fistulas or graft. Large artery and vein are sewn together (anastomosed) below the surface of the skin (fistula) or subcutaneous graft using the salphenous vein, synthetic prosthesis, or bovine xenograft to connect artery and vein. Purpose is to create one blood vessel for withdrawing and returning blood. Advantage is greater activity range than AV shunt and no protective asepsis. Disadvantage is necessity of two venipunctures with each dialysis. Vein catheterization. Femoral or subclavian vein access is immediate. May be short or long term duration. Nursing Considerations. Before the Hemodialysis. Allow the client to void. Document the client’s weight. Obtain vital signs as baseline. Check the medications history of the patient before the procedure. Antihypertensives, sedatives and vasodilators are prevented in order to do away with hypotensive episode. During the Hemodialysis. Obtain vital signs periodically between 3. Observe proper body alignment, allow frequent position changes. Monitor for episodes of nausea and vomiting which may occur during the procedure. Monitor for signs of bleeding by taking clotting time about 1 hour before the client comes off the machine. Observe clotting time at 3. Normal value: 6 – 1. After Dialysis. Check the client’s weight, note any difference. Assess for complications. Check for signs of bleeding and status of the fistula. Complications of Dialysis. Hypovolemic Shock – result of rapid removal or ultrafiltration of fluid from the intravascular compartment. Dialysis- disequilibrium syndrome – caused by rapid, efficient dialysis resulting in shifts in water, p. H and osmolarity between fluid and blood. Signs and Symptoms. Nausea & Vomiting. Headache. Hypertension. Agitation. Disorientation. Twitching. Peripheral paresthesias. Convulsions. II. Peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for patients with severe chronic kidney failure. Wastes and water are removed from the blood inside the body using the peritoneal membrane as a natural semipermeable membrane. Wastes and excess water move from the blood, across the peritoneal membrane, and into a special dialysis solution, called dialysate, in theabdominal cavity which has a composition similar to the fluid portion of blood. In peritoneal dialysis, a sterile solution containing minerals and glucose is run through a tube into the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal body cavity around the intestine, where the peritoneal membrane acts as a semipermeable membrane. The peritoneal membrane or peritoneum is a layer of tissue containing blood vessels that lines and surrounds the peritoneal, or abdominal, cavity and the internal abdominal organs (stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines). The dialysate is left there for a period of time to absorb waste products, and then it is drained out through the tube and discarded. This cycle or “exchange” is normally repeated 4- 5 times during the day, (sometimes more often overnight with an automated system). Ultrafiltration occurs via osmosis; the dialysis solution used contains a high concentration of glucose, and the resulting osmotic pressure causes fluid to move from the blood into the dialysate. As a result, more fluid is drained than was instilled. Peritoneal dialysis is less efficient than hemodialysis, but because it is carried out for a longer period of time the net effect in terms of removal of waste products and of salt and water are similar to hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis is carried out at home by the patient. Three types of Peritoneal Dialysis. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Nursing Considerations. Patient Preparation. Allow the client to void before catheter insertion. Institute abdominal skin preparation. Document the client’s weight before the dialysis. Take baseline vital signs. During the Procedure. Monitor the level of electrolytes. Obtain samples of return dialysate for culture. Compare the client’s weight before and after the procedure. Monitor the vital signs every 3. Provide proper positioning for the dialysate to return from the peritoneal cavity. Place the patient in semi- Fowler’s position. Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis. Excessive loss of fluid can result in hypovolemic shock or hypotension while excessive fluid retention can result in hypertension and edema. The presence of pink or bloody effluent suggests bleeding inside the abdomen while feces indicates a . The patient may also experience pain or discomfort if the dialysate is too acidic, too cold or introduced too quickly, while diffuse pain with cloudy discharge may indicate an infection. Severe pain in the rectum or perinium can be the result of an improperly placed catheter. The dwell can also increase pressure on the diaphragm causing impaired breathing, and constipation can interfere with the ability of fluid to flow through the catheter. |
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August 2017
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